There are two infamous publications in the world of scholarly
activities, "The Journal of Irreproducible Results" and "How to
Lie with Statistics." One is a
spoof on science truth published regularly (http://www.jir.com/); the second is
an actual book. The journal is
interesting and funny. But the book is
well known to all practitioners, and the best of them know how to use
statistics as needed to make a point, a claim, or a theory.
In a recent NY Times article
by George Johnson (http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/21/science/new-truths-that-only-one-can-see.html)
the veracity of many publications are taken to the veracity task. It is claimed that up to 80% of all publications
are in error or just plain false. To quote from the article "It has been
jarring to learn in recent years that a reproducible result may actually be the
rarest of birds. Replication, the ability of another lab to reproduce a
finding, is the gold standard of science, reassurance that you have discovered
something true. But that is getting harder all the time. With the most
accessible truths already discovered, what remains are often subtle effects,
some so delicate that they can be conjured up only under ideal circumstances,
using highly specialized techniques."
It really is not that practitioners are dishonest though some
are to be sure. It is that in the rush
to publish, they take short cuts leading to insufficient, incomplete, and
inaccurate conclusions. Nothing here is
new. The system of peer review has been
compromised by the massive number of journals needing food (new articles), the
lack of scholarly scrutiny, the lack of scholarly review, and the lack of
stringent principles in referee reporting.
By this article, the gold standard of replication has been
shattered, partly because there is no time and especially no inclination of
others to validate or verify what others claims. It is also expensive to duplicate complex
studies. In the explosion of knowledge over the past
century, everyone is exploring their own research program, referencing only
casually other works, and substantially not caring what they say except when in
agreement. In some areas, there is a
"required" literature review section to each paper. This is somehow considered the guarantor of
honesty, but in reality this section is sometimes loaded with references to
papers written by journal editors and suspected referees.
There is an exception.
It concerns the vertical VS. the horizontal. Too many fields these days are strictly
horizontal meaning that knowledge is propagated on a horizontal plane with
little reference except is type to previous knowledge. Horizontal knowledge is something like an oil
slick spread over thousands of square miles of microscopic depth. Vertical knowledge is stacked, one result upon
the next. Veracity is essential; it is
checked; it is validated. It is just not practical for any reason to proceed
upon a false basis. When knowledge is
horizontal, there are no counter checks.
No one really cares about others in their push toward their own set of personal
truths.
There is an exception to the exception when vertical subject
matter is at hand. It concerns
modeling. The foundational lesson from
the great Sir Issac Newton (1643-1727) and
his fabulous success with the law of gravitation, the proof of Kepler’s laws
and the like, is that we should rigorously generate models of reality – of whatever
flavor. We are good. We now generate new models by the score – all
excelling in agreement with extant knowledge.
New dimensions are added as needed as we grab at the brass ring of
experimental agreement. Yet, in some ways
we have transcended observability in favor of comprehensiveness. This is a problem for practitioners yet to
come. Currently, there have been so many
successes the shadow of doubt is not really allowed.
It is singularly curious that in the world we live in
politicians systematically distort the truth, tell us complete lies, and
engineer opinion that the scholarly world should be different. Corporate executive enhance the continuing
success of their company. Lawyers use
every tool and trick of the law to argue, aka prove, their case. They all want
the same thing: advancement, fame, power, influence, and acceptance. Their
media is different, but in various combinations their goals are about the same.
Some play in a larger sandbox than others.
The NY Times article has the tone of dismay when expressing this
diminution of standard. It is almost as
though the author, while accepting on a daily basis lies and deceit from other
venues of society is disappointed the plight of scholarly ethics and
distressing lack of proper oversight. Well,
consistency has never been the strong suit of journalists - nor any of us.
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