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We frequently hear that testing is unfair. In multiple-choice examinations, the complaints are numerous, but there are other, less obvious sources of unfairness that may widen the gap between high-performing and struggling students. Indeed, some degree of unfairness may be inherent in almost every form of testing. This problem extends well beyond K–20 education. It applies to driver's examinations, medical board examinations, and competitive examinations for government positions, including G-12 positions. The fundamental question is whether tests measure what they are intended to measure, or whether they also measure other abilities that give some examinees an unintended advantage. Another key point may be that testing can magnify differences in ability rather than merely measure them. 1. The Strategic Advantage of Good Students Good students are often better at distinguishing difficult questions from easy ones. This ability allows them to allocate their time more effectively...

Comparing Jurassic Park to Modern AI

Jurassic Park and the Folly of Artificial Intelligence Don Allen and Jessica Allen Jurassic Park is ostensibly a story about resurrecting dinosaurs, but beneath the adventure lies a more profound warning about technological progress. Its central problem is not that the scientists fail to accomplish what they intended. They succeed spectacularly. They bring dinosaurs back to life. They create an extraordinary park. They demonstrate scientific capabilities that once seemed impossible. The trouble begins because the future consequences of that success are substantially unknown. In this respect, Jurassic Park provides a compelling metaphor for the advent of artificial intelligence. John Hammond asks, in effect, whether humanity can create something extraordinary. The more important question, however, is what happens after it has been created. Artificial intelligence presents a similar dilemma. We can build increasingly capable systems that write, reason, program, analyze, disco...

On Going to War

When deciding whether to deploy troops into combat, the last person a leader should consult is the "armchair warrior"—someone who sees only the glory of victory and the thrill of defeating an opponent. Instead, leaders should turn to battle-tested commanders who have faced the weight of sending soldiers to their potential deaths. These veterans see little glory in conflict, making them precisely the leaders needed to prosecute a war wisely, make sound tactical decisions, and minimize casualties.

TIPS ABOUT OBSERVATION

Developing strong observation skills in college pays off both in the classroom and in your future career. In the Classroom and on Exams An observant student attends every class and takes thorough notes, paying close attention to the specific points a professor emphasizes. Because exams are almost always drawn directly from lecture content, these notes become an indispensable study tool. I'm constantly surprised how many students overlook this simple, high-yield strategy. In the Workplace Observational skills allow you to assess your surroundings, understand the current operational context, and identify pressing problems. Rather than relying solely on theoretical models, which can sometimes misguide your efforts, an observant employee uses real-time context to ask the right questions, form solid hypotheses, and make practical decisions. Theory provides a foundation, but direct personal observation is what drives success.

Instant Do It Yourself Wisdom

Introduction. Wisdom often carries over through maxims, aphorisms, proverbs, and truisms. They are often stated vaguely, in ways that resonate differently with different readers but carry a similar message. Most are a single sentence, sometimes two. They tell us, guide us, and sometimes suggest wise but honest responses to happenstances, prospects, and events. Of course, the major tomes of Aristotle, Plato, Aquinas, Kant, and others can require years of study to profit from. Many well-known maxims come from their writings. You want to be wise, the pride of your family, or the pride of the workplace. How to do this is a good question, but one that has a ready answer. You simply invent it. Here we give methods with examples, some cooked up at home and many from the literature. We call it do-it-yourself DIY) wisdom. One convention: If I’ve found the maxim, say in books of quotes, it is displayed in quotes; if it is my construction, no quotes are used. Do It Yourself Wisdo...

The Seven Degrees of Understanding

1. Introduction Understanding is not a binary condition but a continuum of cognitive states that determines how effectively a problem solver can engage with a challenge. While dictionaries define understanding as knowing meaning, recognizing mechanisms, or apprehending behavior, problem-solving reveals a far more nuanced hierarchy. This essay presents understanding as a developmental sequence ranging from complete misconception to innovative mastery, examining how each level corresponds to distinct cognitive capacities and pedagogical needs. We also mention how AI may fit within our hierarchy. Why connect with problem-solving? The answer is simple: everything you propose to do can be cast as a problem. For example, to even discuss what is “happiness,” you first cast it as a problem, and then focus your available problem-solving tools upon it. Every question is, in short, a problem. 2. Hierarchy of Understanding The following levels...

How Do You Plead?

Whatever your politics, this one is good.

FOFO – the Fear of Finding Out

1. Introduction We propose a new psychological condition and acronym: FOFO – the Fear of Finding Out. This condition compels people to stick to their ideas and beliefs regardless of contrary evidence. They resist changing because of this fear. Though the acronym may be new, FOFO describes a genuine psychological pattern. It sits at the intersection of several established phenomena, though none capture the specific affective component (the fear) quite as precisely. Naturally, cognitive bias fits nicely within this framework, though not usually as a fear of discovery. FIFO is particularly dangerous when it shows up in problem-solving situations. 2. The Architecture of FOFO This fear operates on multiple levels, including epistemic threat, identity entanglement, cost of conviction, and the ostrich effect. Additionally, it seriously affects problem-solving skills. In the following paragraphs, we describe these issues in general. My ...

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